The Past Simple(افعال با قاعده)
افعال با قاعده، فعل هایی هستند که در زمان Past Simple، شکل گذشته آنها "ed-" می گیرد.
در ادامه ساختار های مختلف جمله در این زمان را برای فعل با قاعده work به عنوان مثال مشاهده می کنیم.
POSITIVE STATEMENTSخبری مثبت
I worked ...
You worked ...
She worked ...
He worked ...
It worked ...
We worked ...
You worked ...
They worked ...
NEGATIVE STATEMENTSخبری منفی
I did not / didn't work ...
You did not / didn't work ...
She did not / didn't work ...
He did not / didn't work ...
It did not / didn't work ...
We did not / didn't work ...
You did not / didn't work ...
They did not / didn't work ...
POSITIVE QUESTIONSسوالی مثبت
Did I work ...?
Did you work ...?
Did she work ...?
Did he work ...?
Did it work ...?
Did we work ...?
Did you work ...?
Did they work ...?
NEGATIVE QUESTIONSسوالی منفی
Did I not / Didn't I work ...?
Did you not / Didn't you work ...?
Did she not / Didn't she work ...?
Did he not / Didn't he work ...?
Did it not / Didn't it work ...?
Did we not / Didn't we work ...?
Did you not / Didn't you work ...?
Did they not / Didn't they work ...?
Short Answersپاسخ کوتاه
Yes, I did. / No, I didn't.
Yes, you did. / No, you didn't.
Yes, she did. / No, she didn't.
Yes, he did. / No, he didn't.
Yes, it did. / No, it didn't.
Yes, we did. / No, we didn't.
Yes, you did. / No, you didn't.
Yes, they did. / No, they didn't.
برای منفی و سوالی کردن جمله ها در این زمان از فعل کمکی did استفاده می کنیم. همانطور که مشاهده می کنید، وقتی did در جمله استفاده می شود فعل اصلی جمله به صورت مصدر ساده و بدون "ed-" است.
+We stayed at home last night.
ما دیشب خانه ماندیم.
-We did not / didn't stay at home last night.
ما دیشب خانه نماندیم.
+?Did you stay at home last night?
آیا شما دیشب در خانه ماندید؟
+Didn't you stay / Did you not stay at home last night?
آیا دیشب در خانه نماندید؟
Yes, I did. / No, I didn't.
در فعل های با قاعده ای که به حرف "y" بعد از یک حرف صامتختم می شوند، در هنگام اضافه شدن "ed-" در زمان Past Simple، حرف "y" به "i" تبدیل می شود.
study + edstudied
trytried
در فعل های با قاعده ای که به حرف "e" ختم می شوند، در زمان Past Simple فقط یک "d-" به انتهای فعل اضافه می کنیم.
decide + eddecided
love + edloved
قانون املایی دیگر مربوط به فعل های باقاعده تک سیلابی ای است که به«یک حرف صامت + یک حرف مصوت + یک حرف صامت»ختم می شوند. وقتی در زمان Past Simple این فعل ها "ed-" می گیرند، حرف آخرشان تکرار می شود. لازم به ذکر است که این قانون برای فعل هایی که به یک از حرف های "w" ،"x" و "y" ختم می شوند صدق نمی کند.
plan + edplanned
stop + edstopped
در افعال باقاعده ای که به صدای /t/ یا /d/ ختم می شوند، "ed-" صدای /ɪd/ می دهد.
decided/dɪˈsaɪdɪd/
wanted/ˈwɑːntɪd/
در افعال باقاعده ای که به یکی از صداهای /p/ ،/f/ ،/k/ ،/ʧ/ ،/ʃ/،/θ/ یا /s/ختم می شوند، "ed-" صدای /t/ می دهد.
stopped/stɑːpt/
laughed/læft/
picked/pɪkt/
watched/wɑːtʃt/
washed/wɑːʃt/
passed/pæst/
earthed/ɜːrθt/
Exercises
Complete the sentences using the Past Simple form of the verbs in parentheses. Use contractions wherever possible.
1.A: ____ you ____ law at university? (study)B: No, I ____. I ____ sociology. (study)
A: Did you study law at university?B: No, I didn't. I studied sociology.
2.A: How was your trip to the island? ____ you ____ it? (like)B: Yes, we ____. we ____ to come back home. (not / want)
A: How was your trip to the island? Did you like it?B: Yes, we did. we didn't want to come back home.
3.A: ____ you ____ the football match last night? (watch)B: No, I ____. I ____ late last night. (work)
A: Did you watch the football match last night? (watch)B: No, I didn't. I worked late last night. (work)
4.A: I ____ Tom three times yesterday, but he ____. (call - not / answer)B: Maybe he ____ his phone with him. (not / have)
A: I called Tom three times yesterday, but he didn't answer.B: Maybe he didn't have his phone with him.