The Present Perfect Simple
در زبان انگلیسی وقتی راجع به فعلی صحبت می‌کنیم که در گذشته اتفاق افتاده و تمام شده، اما خواننده یا شنونده‌مان زمانش را نمی‌داند از زمان Present Perfect Simple استفاده می‌کنیم. اگر خواننده یا شنونده‌مان زمان رخ دادن فعل را بداند از زمان Past Simple استفاده می‌کنیم.
She has visited Paris many times.
او بار‌ها پاریس را دیده است.
I’ve seen this movie before.
من این فیلم را قبلا دیده‌ام.
در جملات سوالی می‌توانیم قید ever را قبل از past participle بگذاریم تا در مورد تجربه‌هایی که یک شخص در کل زندگی‌اش ممکن است داشته باشد صحبت کنیم.
Have you ever tried surfing?
تو تا حالا تو عمرت موج‌سواری کردی؟
Have you ever eaten sushi?
تو تا حالا تو عمرت سوشی خوردی؟
همچنین می‌توانیم قید never را قبل از past participle بگذاریم تا بگوییم یک فعل هرگز در طول زندگی یک شخص اتفاق نیفتاده است.
I've never ridden a horse.
من هیچ‌وقت اسب‌سواری نکرده‌‌ام.
He has never traveled to Europe.
او هرگز به اروپا سفر نکرده است.
قید never خودش جمله را منفی می‌کند، پس وقتی از never در جمله استفاده می‌کنیم دیگر قبل از فعل کمکی not نمی‌گذاریم. .I haven't never ridden a horse
استفاده دیگر Present Perfect Simple در هنگام صحبت کردن درباره اتفاقاتی است که اخیرا رخ داده، بدون اشاره به زمان دقیق آنها.
Your father has arrived. He’s waiting for you downstairs.
پدرت رسیده است. طبقه پایین منتظرت است.
I've done my homework, so I'm going out to play with my friends.
تکالیفم را انجام دادم، پس می‌روم بیرون با دوستانم بازی کنم.
در زبان انگلیسی دو گروه فعل داریم:
شکل گذشته و شکل سوم (past participle) افعال باقاعده از الگوی معمول پیروی می‌کنند و "ed-" می‌گیرند، مثلا فعل "walk" که شکل گذشته و شکل سوم‌اش "walked" است.
افعال بی‌قاعده از الگوی معمول "ed-" پیروی نمی‌کنند و باید شکل گذشته و شکل سوم آنها را حفظ کنیم، مثلا فعل "eat" که شکل گذشته‌اش "ate" و شکل سوم‌اش "eaten" است.
اکنون می‌خواهیم به ساختار‌های مختلف جمله در زمان Present Perfect برای فعل باقاعده "work" نگاه کنیم.
POSITIVE STATEMENTSخبری مثبت
I have / I've worked ...
You have / You've worked ...
He has / He's worked ...
She has / She's worked ...
It has / It's worked ...
We have / We've worked ...
You have / You've worked ...
They have / They've worked ...
NEGATIVE STATEMENTSخبری منفی
I have not / haven't worked ...
You have not / haven't worked ...
He has not / hasn't worked ...
She has not / hasn't worked ...
It has not / hasn't worked ...
We have not / haven't worked ...
You have not / haven't worked ...
They have not / haven't worked ...
POSITIVE QUESTIONSسوالی مثبت
Have I worked ...?
Have you worked ...?
Has he worked ...?
Has she worked ...?
Has it worked ...?
Have we worked ...?
Have you worked ...?
Have they worked ...?
NEGATIVE QUESTIONSسوالی منفی
Have I not / Haven't I worked ...?
Have you not / Haven't you worked ...?
Has he not / Hasn't he worked ...?
Has she not / Hasn't she worked ... ?
Has it not / Hasn't it worked ... ?
Have we not / Haven't we worked ... ?
Have you not / Haven't you worked ... ?
Have they not / Haven't they worked ...?
SHORT ANSWERSپاسخ کوتاه
Yes, I have. / No, I haven't.
Yes, you have. / No, you haven't.
Yes, he has. / No, he hasn't.
Yes, she has. / No, she hasn't.
Yes, it has. / No, it hasn't.
Yes, we have. / No, we haven't.
Yes, you have. / No, you haven't.
Yes, they have. / No, they haven't.
در ادامه ساختار‌های مختلف جمله در این زمان را برای فعل بی‌قاعده "eat" به عنوان مثال مشاهده می‌کنیم.
POSITIVE STATEMENTSخبری مثبت
I have / I've eaten ...
You have / You've eaten ...
He has / He's eaten ...
She has / She's eaten ...
It has / It's eaten ...
We have / We've eaten ...
You have / You've eaten ...
They have / They've eaten ...
NEGATIVE STATEMENTSخبری منفی
I have not / haven't eaten ...
You have not / haven't eaten ...
He has not / hasn't eaten ...
She has not / hasn't eaten ...
It has not / hasn't eaten ...
We have not / haven't eaten ...
You have not / haven't eaten ...
They have not / haven't eaten ...
POSITIVE QUESTIONSسوالی مثبت
Have I eaten ...?
Have you eaten ...?
Has he eaten ...?
Has she eaten ...?
Has it eaten ...?
Have we eaten ...?
Have you eaten ...?
Have they eaten ...?
NEGATIVE QUESTIONSسوالی منفی
Have I not / Haven't I eaten ...?
Have you not / Haven't you eaten ...?
Has he not / Hasn't he eaten ...?
Has she not / Hasn't she eaten ...?
Has it not / Hasn't it eaten ...?
Have we not / Haven't we eaten ...?
Have you not / Haven't you eaten ...?
Have they not / Haven't they eaten ...?
SHORT ANSWERSپاسخ کوتاه
Yes, I have. / No, I haven't.
Yes, you have. / No, you haven't.
Yes, he has. / No, he hasn't.
Yes, she has. / No, she hasn't.
Yes, it has. / No, it hasn't.
Yes, we have. / No, we haven't.
Yes, you have. / No, you haven't.
Yes, they have. / No, they haven't.
همان‌طور که تا الان متوجه شده‌اید برای منفی یا سوالی کردن جملات در این زمان از فعل کمکی have یا has استفاده می‌کنیم.
She has / She's changed her hairstyle.
او مدل موهایش را عوض کرده است.
She has not / hasn't changed her hairstyle.
او مدل موهایش را عوض نکرده است.
Has she changed her hairstyle?
آیا مدل موهایش را تغییر داده است؟
Has she not / Hasn't she changed her hairstyle?
آیا مدل موهایش را تغییر نداده است؟
Yes, she has. / No, she hasn't.
I have / I've seen this movie before.
من قبلا این فیلم را دیده‌ام.
I have not / haven't seen this movie before.
من این فیلم را قبلا ندیده‌ام.
Have you seen this movie before?
آیا قبلا این فیلم را دیده‌ای؟
Have you not / Haven't you seen this movie before?
آیا قبلا این فیلم را ندیده‌ای؟
Yes, I have. / No, I haven't.
همان‌طور که گفتیم باید شکل گذشته و شکل سوم (past participle) افعال بی‌قاعده را حفظ کنیم. بهترین جا برای چک کردن شکل گذشته و شکل سوم افعال بی‌قاعده یک دیکشنری معتبر است. در پایین لیستی از رایج‌ترین افعال بی‌قاعده را در زبان انگلیسی مشاهده می‌کنید.
| Base Form | Past Form | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| become | became | become |
| begin | began | begun |
| break | broke | broken |
| bring | brought | brought |
| build | built | built |
| buy | bought | bought |
| catch | caught | caught |
| come | came | come |
| cost | cost | cost |
| do | did | done |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| drive | drove | driven |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| fall | fell | fallen |
| feel | felt | felt |
| find | found | found |
| fly | flew | flown |
| forget | forgot | forgotten |
| get | got | gotten |
| give | gave | given |
| go | went | gone |
| have | had | had |
| hear | heard | heard |
| know | knew | known |
| leave | left | left |
| lose | lost | lost |
| make | made | made |
| meet | met | met |
| put | put | put |
| read | read | read |
| run | ran | run |
| say | said | said |
| see | saw | seen |
| send | sent | sent |
| sing | sang | sung |
| sit | sat | sat |
| sleep | slept | slept |
| speak | spoke | spoken |
| spend | spent | spent |
| stand | stood | stood |
| swim | swam | swum |
| teach | taught | taught |
| take | took | taken |
| tell | told | told |
| think | thought | thought |
| understand | understood | understood |
| wake | woke | woken |
| wear | wore | worn |
| win | won | won |
| write | wrote | written |
Exercises
Write sentences in the Present Perfect Simple.
1.He ____ his keys. (lose)
He's / He has lost his keys.
2.____ she ____ her homework yet? (do)
Has she done her homework yet?
3.____ you ever ____ sushi? (try)
Have you ever tried sushi?
4.They ____ the windows. (clean)
They've / They have cleaned the windows.
5.I ____ my best friend for a long time. (not / see)
I have not / haven't seen my best friend for a long time.
6.____ he ____ the report? (finish)
Has he finished the report?
7.She ____ her driving test. (pass)
She's / She has passed her driving test.
8.My parents ____ never ____ to Italy. (travel)
My parents have never traveled to Italy.