The Present Perfect Simple
در زبان انگلیسی وقتی راجع به فعلی صحبت می کنیم که در گذشته اتفاق افتاده و تمام شده، اما خواننده یا شنونده مان زمانش را نمی داند از زمان Present Perfect Simple استفاده می کنیم. اگر خواننده یا شنونده مان زمان رخ دادن فعل را بداند از زمان Past Simple استفاده می کنیم.
She has visited Paris many times.
او بارها پاریس را دیده است.
I’ve seen this movie before.
من این فیلم را قبلا دیده ام.
در جملات سوالی می توانیم قید ever را قبل از past participle بگذاریم تا در مورد تجربه هایی که یک شخص در کل زندگی اش ممکن است داشته باشد صحبت کنیم.
Have you ever tried surfing?
تو تا حالا تو عمرت موج سواری کردی؟
Have you ever eaten sushi?
تو تا حالا تو عمرت سوشی خوردی؟
همچنین می توانیم قید never را قبل از past participle بگذاریم تا بگوییم یک فعل هرگز در طول زندگی یک شخص اتفاق نیافتاده است.
I've never ridden a horse.
من هیچ وقت اسب سواری نکرده ام.
He has never traveled to Europe.
او هرگز به اروپا سفر نکرده است.
قید never خودش جمله را منفی می کند، پس وقتی از never در جمله استفاده می کنیم دیگر قبل از فعل کمکی not نمی گذاریم. .I haven't never ridden a horse
استفاده دیگر Present Perfect Simple در هنگام صحبت کردن درباره اتفاقاتی است که اخیرا رخ داده، بدون اشاره به زمان دقیق آنها.
Your father has arrived. He’s waiting for you downstairs.
پدرت رسیده است. طبقه پایین منتظرت است.
I've donemy homework, so I'm going out to play with my friends.
تکالیفم را انجام دادم، پس می روم بیرون با دوستانم بازی کنم.
در زبان انگلیسی دو گروه فعل داریم:
شکل گذشته و شکل سوم (past participle) افعال باقاعده از الگوی معمول پیروی می کنند و "ed-" می گیرند، مثلا فعل "walk" که شکل گذشته و شکل سوم اش "walked" است.
افعال بی قاعده از الگوی معمول "ed-" پیروی نمی کنند و باید شکل گذشته و شکل سوم آنها را حفظ کنیم، مثلا فعل "eat" که شکل گذشته اش "ate" و شکل سوم اش "eaten" است.
اکنون می خواهیم به ساختار های مختلف جمله در زمان Present Perfect برای فعل با قاعده "work" نگاه کنیم.
POSITIVE STATEMENTSخبری مثبت
I have / I've worked ...
You have / You've worked ...
He has / He's worked ...
She has / She's worked ...
It has / It's worked ...
We have / We've worked ...
You have / You've worked ...
They have / They've worked ...
NEGATIVE STATEMENTSخبری منفی
I have not / haven't worked ...
You have not / haven't worked ...
He has not / hasn't worked ...
She has not / hasn't worked ...
It has not / hasn't worked ...
We have not / haven't worked ...
You have not / haven't worked ...
They have not / haven't worked ...
POSITIVE QUESTIONSسوالی مثبت
Have I worked ...?
Have you worked ...?
Has he worked ...?
Has she worked ...?
Has it worked ...?
Have we worked ...?
Have you worked ...?
Have they worked ...?
NEGATIVE QUESTIONSسوالی منفی
Have I not / Haven't I worked ...?
Have you not / Haven't you worked ...?
Has he not / Hasn't he worked ...?
Has she not / Hasn't she worked ... ?
Has it not / Hasn't it worked ... ?
Have we not / Haven't we worked ... ?
Have you not / Haven't you worked ... ?
Have they not / Haven't they worked ...?
SHORT ANSWERSپاسخ کوتاه
Yes, I have. / No, I haven't.
Yes, you have. / No, you haven't.
Yes, he has. / No, he hasn't.
Yes, she has. / No, she hasn't.
Yes, it has. / No, it hasn't.
Yes, we have. / No, we haven't.
Yes, you have. / No, you haven't.
Yes, they have. / No, they haven't.
در ادامه ساختار های مختلف جمله در این زمان را برای فعل بی قاعده "eat" به عنوان مثال مشاهده می کنیم.
POSITIVE STATEMENTSخبری مثبت
I have / I've eaten ...
You have / You've eaten ...
He has / He's eaten ...
She has / She's eaten ...
It has / It's eaten ...
We have / We've eaten ...
You have / You've eaten ...
They have / They've eaten ...
NEGATIVE STATEMENTSخبری منفی
I have not / haven't eaten ...
You have not / haven't eaten ...
He has not / hasn't eaten ...
She has not / hasn't eaten ...
It has not / hasn't eaten ...
We have not / haven't eaten ...
You have not / haven't eaten ...
They have not / haven't eaten ...
POSITIVE QUESTIONSسوالی مثبت
Have I eaten ...?
Have you eaten ...?
Has he eaten ...?
Has she eaten ...?
Has it eaten ...?
Have we eaten ...?
Have you eaten ...?
Have they eaten ...?
NEGATIVE QUESTIONSسوالی منفی
Have I not / Haven't I eaten ...?
Have you not / Haven't you eaten ...?
Has he not / Hasn't he eaten ...?
Has she not / Hasn't she eaten ...?
Has it not / Hasn't it eaten ...?
Have we not / Haven't we eaten ...?
Have you not / Haven't you eaten ...?
Have they not / Haven't they eaten ...?
SHORT ANSWERSپاسخ کوتاه
Yes, I have. / No, I haven't.
Yes, you have. / No, you haven't.
Yes, he has. / No, he hasn't.
Yes, she has. / No, she hasn't.
Yes, it has. / No, it hasn't.
Yes, we have. / No, we haven't.
Yes, you have. / No, you haven't.
Yes, they have. / No, they haven't.
برای منفی یا سوالی کردن جملات در این زمان از فعل کمکی have یا has استفاده می کنیم.
She has / She's changed her hairstyle.
او مدل موهایش را عوض کرده است.
She has not / hasn't changed her hairstyle.
او مدل موهایش را عوض نکرده است.
Has she changed her hairstyle?
آیا مدل موهایش را تغییر داده است؟
Has she not / Hasn't she changed her hairstyle?
آیا مدل موهایش را تغییر نداده است؟
Yes, she has. / No, she hasn't.
I have / I've seen this movie before.
من قبلا این فیلم را دیده ام.
I have not / haven't seen this movie before.
من این فیلم را قبلا ندیده ام.
Have you seen this movie before?
آیا قبلا این فیلم را دیده ای؟
Have you not / Haven't you seen this movie before?
آیا قبلا این فیلم را ندیده ای؟
Yes, I have. / No, I haven't.
همانطور که گفتیم باید شکل گذشته و شکل سوم (past participle) افعال بی قاعده را حفظ کنیم. بهترین جا برای چک کردن شکل گذشته و شکل سوم افعال بی قاعده یک دیکشنری معتبر است. در پایین لیستی از رایج ترین افعال بی قاعده را در زبان انگلیسی مشاهده می کنید.
| Base Form | Past Form | Past Participle |
|---|---|---|
| become | became | become |
| begin | began | begun |
| break | broke | broken |
| bring | brought | brought |
| build | built | built |
| buy | bought | bought |
| catch | caught | caught |
| come | came | come |
| cost | cost | cost |
| do | did | done |
| drink | drank | drunk |
| drive | drove | driven |
| eat | ate | eaten |
| fall | fell | fallen |
| feel | felt | felt |
| find | found | found |
| fly | flew | flown |
| forget | forgot | forgotten |
| get | got | gotten |
| give | gave | given |
| go | went | gone |
| have | had | had |
| hear | heard | heard |
| know | knew | known |
| leave | left | left |
| lose | lost | lost |
| make | made | made |
| meet | met | met |
| put | put | put |
| read | read | read |
| run | ran | run |
| say | said | said |
| see | saw | seen |
| send | sent | sent |
| sing | sang | sung |
| sit | sat | sat |
| sleep | slept | slept |
| speak | spoke | spoken |
| spend | spent | spent |
| stand | stood | stood |
| swim | swam | swum |
| teach | taught | taught |
| take | took | taken |
| tell | told | told |
| think | thought | thought |
| understand | understood | understood |
| wake | woke | woken |
| wear | wore | worn |
| win | won | won |
| write | wrote | written |
Exercises
Write sentences in the Present Perfect Simple.
1.He ____ his keys. (lose)
He's / He has lost his keys.
2.____ she ____ her homework yet? (do)
Has she done her homework yet?
3.____ you ever ____ sushi? (try)
Have you ever tried sushi?
4.They ____ the windows. (clean)
They've / They have cleaned the windows.
5.I ____ my best friend for a long time. (not / see)
I have not / haven't seen my best friend for a long time.
6.____ he ____ the report? (finish)
Has he finished the report?
7.She ____ her driving test. (pass)
She's / She has passed her driving test.
8.My parents ____ never ____ to Italy. (travel)
My parents have never traveled to Italy.